SciTopics

Observations of the anisotropy in the cosmic microwave background radiation, are difficult to reconcile with a flat spectrum. For a universe dominated by stable dark matter a flat spectrum is ruled out altogether and even for a neutrino-dominated universe a spectrum of the type δρ/ρ = 1/(M/M_0)s, with s>0, is preferable to the flat spectrum (for which s=0). Unfortunately, however, a quasi-exponential inflation with (dH/dt) It is possible to construct models in which (dH/dt) >0...

In much the term antigravity has come to present all those physical phenomena in which the usual gravitational potential is modified toaccommodate repulsive gravitational forces. This is a fascinating subject which has many implications from the possible check of antigravity against, among others, the experiments to the several theoretical issues that are involved, the 4D principle of equivalence and the energy conservation principle. The idea of antigravity has been subject of...

Following the standard vision of Big Bang, at the origin of the Universe, the so called "matter" and "antimatter" were created in equal amount or, at least, we have no reason to suspect that Big Bang leaned toward preferring one over the other. No reason except one: our existence.It is known that all particles in the Universe follow a very special symmetry: for each particle it exists an "anti"-particle, that has the exact same mass of the particle, but inverse electric charge...

Note, that the word processor creating these pages inserts an unintended space before subscripts and superscripts. These spaces should be ignored.The Vernier principle refers to a method to increase the Free Spectral Range (FSR) of an optical microresonator. The FSR is the frequency (or wavelength) span between adjacent resonances of a resonator which are distributed equidistantly as a comb structure. The FSR is determined by the size of the resonator (in the case of a recirculating...

The complexity of turbulent motions is believed to originate from various types of vortical motions. Impulse formulations of Euler (and Navier-Stokes) equations are suitable for the study of topological properties of vortex lines. The hydrodynamic impulse can be viewed as the total mechanical impulse of the non-conservative body force that is applied to a limited fluid volume to generate instantaneously from rest the given motion of the whole of the fluid at any time t. In an...

IntroductionViolation of a Bell inequality, in two-qubit (spin-1/2-like) systems, indicates the presence of quantum nonlocal correlations nonreproducible by any classical local model. The violation is identified by values of the Bell function B, consisting of a combination of correlations averages, larger than a maximum classical threshold Bcl.The Bell function depends both on the state of the system and on parameters linked to spin-like measurement directions that correspondingly...

The Thermalized Bond Ising Model (TBIM) is a lattice model with annealed bond dilution such that every covalent bond linking a nearest-neighbor pair of atoms sitting on the lattice sites, is allowed thermally induced electronic transitions between bonding and antibonding electronic states. Hence, TBIM can be regarded as containing annealed bond defects, with temperature-dependent concentration, in addition to the usual structural (spin) variables. Each bond at every instant is...

V. Selvarajan* and C.P.Yoganand†Email address: *vselvrjn47@rediffmail.com †yoganand24@yahoo.co.inHydroxyapatite (HA) in many different forms has been in use in orthopaedic applications. Thermal plasma spray technique is commonly used for surface coatings of HA. The current trend is the preparation of biomaterials from natural resources rather than through chemical methods. The authors have synthesized HA from natural bovine bone and bioactive glass ceramics and surface coatings...

The scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) has been used to infer the momentum-space information of quasiparticles from the Fourier transform of the position (r) and energy (ω)-dependent local density of states (LDOS), then both real-space and momentum-space modulations for LDOS are explored simultaneously [1]. Recently, the improvements in the resolution of scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) experiments [2-4] allowed one to resolve additional features in the quasiparticle scattering...

Optical Mirrors Built with Microring Resonators This article describes micrometer size optical mirrors which provide high reflectivity in a relatively narrow wavelength range and practically zero reflectivity in the remainder of the spectrum. Such photonic devices are used, among others, as reflectors for solid state laser sources which supply the gain necessary for oscillation. To fabricate such a mirror one usually requires a two-port network; port 1 where the signal enters...

The Law of Physicodynamic Incompleteness states that physicochemical interactions are inadequate to explain the mathematical and formal nature of physical law relationships.Many versions of a certain null hypothesis have been published in peer-reviewed scientific literature over the last decade with invitation to the world’s scientific community to falsify it (Abel, 2000, 2002, Abel and Trevors, 2005, Abel, 2006, Abel and Trevors, 2006, Abel, 2007, 2008, Abel, 2008, Abel, 2009,...

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Boris Kerner and colleagues at Diamler AG developed a theory of traffic flow that has three principal phases: (1) free flow, (2) synchronous flow. and (3) wide moving jams [1]. The theory resulted from extensive studies of traffic congestion on German autobahns. One interesting observation was that wide moving jams, where cars come to a complete stop, nucleate in regions of synchronous flow, a medium-speed high-flow phase, rather than from high-speed free flow. Their stochastic...

IntroductionIt does not require much of a careful analysis to understand that almost without any exception income and wealth in any society are unequally distributed among its people. This inequality has been a constant source of irritation in all societies, at all times. Needless to say, economists and philosophers of all ages have spent countless hours on understanding several aspects of economic inequality and now we have theories to understand inequality in a normative sense....

The propagation of an optical field and the image it forms are determined by its wave-front. There are several ways to adjust or reconstruct optical wave-fronts. However accurate, or diffraction limited real-time optical wave-front reconstruction remains a great challenge. With fine holographic plate capable of recording interference patterns with a density as high as several thousands of lines per millimeter vivid virtual/real images could be displayed in free space. Yet only...

Traffic flow on freeways is an interesting example of a self-driven many-particle system. Self-organized phases of congestion have been observed in measurements on instrumented roadways in Europe, North America, and Asia. Although they are not equilibrium phases in the thermodynamic sense, the system undergoes what appears to be first-order phase transitions with characteristic hysteresis. The clearest of these is the formation of a jam where vehicles come to nearly a complete...

Photonic Resonator Chains with Embedded Discontinuities A chain of photonic microresonators consist of a one dimensional array of resonant elements coupled to adjacent elements usually through evanescent wave coupling [1]. In its simplest form the resonators as well as the coupling coefficients are identical. The properties of such a periodic array comprised of a finite number of unit cells, namely a resonator and adjacent coupler, are similar to that of a grating of finite length,...

Mobile telephone has been brought to the world for two decades, where there are some technologies involved in many areas of research. Up to date, the searching for new devices and technologies are still needed. For instance, Yupapin and Suwancharoen have reported the use of chaotic signals generated by micro ring resonator for communication security, where the transmission signals could be secured by using the analog or digital methods. The increasing in the channel capacity could...

In the absence of an ab initio microscopic theory, quantum mechanical description of bubble growth in a superheated liquid requires quantization of the corresponding classical Hamiltonian. Due to the position-dependent mass of the bubble, the quantization procedure is non-trivial but can be carried out using the Weyl quantization procedure and also using the Supersymmetric quantum mechanics prescription. Once this is done, a couple of specific operator ordering emerges to give...

Laser cooling of solids (also called optical refrigeration or anti-Stokes fluorescent cooling) is a research area that investigates the interaction of light with condensed matter. The most significant practical issue of this research is the design and construction of all-solid-state optical cryocoolers. The idea of using anti-Stokes fluorescence to cool solid state matter was first proposed by Peter Pringsheim in 1929 (Pringsheim 1929). It has been shown that some materials emit...

phononic crystals and Lamb wave...

Divorticity and Dihelicity in Two-dimensional HydrodynamicsThe fully developed turbulence (FDT) problem poses many formidable intellectual challenges and occupies a central place in modern statistical physics and nonlinear mathematics. The theory of two-dimensional (2D) FDT, until recently, remained almost an academic exercise, not withstanding its possible connections with large-scale flows in thin fluid shells such as atmospheres and oceans. 2D FDT has now been produced to a...

AbstractThis Scitopics page proposes a basic theoretical framework about the Megasverses gravitation. Originally, the Megasverses can be considered as a mega-space that is formed by megasfinity number of multidimensional spaces. Hence, the idea about the Megasverses gravitation is directly connected to three basic conditions follow by the multidimensional geodesic position, mass and sustainable kinetic energy auto-generation. The last condition is derivate from the first two conditions.Introduct...

When solid or liquid particles are suspended in an homogeneous isotropic fluid, the viscosity η of the resulting complex fluid becomes increased.For low concentrations, the increase in the viscosity as a function of the volume fraction φ was firstly determined for spherically shaped particles by Einstein in 1911. The generalization of Einstein’s formula to solid particles with non-spherical shapes (ellipsoids) was found in 1922 by Jeffery and to emulsions (suspensions of liquid droplets)...

In physics time direction is determined by the increase of Entropy Basic laws of physics governing interactions of few particles (fields, strings) are symmetrical with respect to direction of time. So what determines the direction of time? Why do we experience time as directed from past to future and never backwards? The arrow of time is usually associated with increase of Entropy. When considering systems consisting of a large number of particles, physics has to account for the...

IntroductionThe principal aim of this research line is to provide and analyze feasible schemes to generate and prove quantum electromagnetic field states (including entanglement) in the relevant physical context of cavity quantum electrodynamics (CQED). This research line is linked to two aspects:- the investigation of foundations of quantum mechanics, as quantum parallelism, classical-quantum border, nonlocality;- the possibility of applicative uses in quantum information and...

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Heavy-ion collisions at relativistic energy have been investigated for many years at various experimental facilities such as the Berkeley Bevalac, the CERN synchrotron SPS, and the Brookhaven relativistic heavy-ion collider RHIC [1]. At RHIC, a maximum centre-of-mass energy of 0.2 TeV (0.2·10^12 electron volt) per particle pair is reached in Au + Au collisions [2]. Numerous theoretical works have been written to interpret the data, or make predictions regarding quark-gluon plasma...

Drop dynamics has attracted much attention in various fields, such as fluid physics, aerography, astronomy, material science and chemical engineering, for underlying mechanism, practical applications as well as inspirations to astral and nuclear physics.The oscillation of free drops can be decomposed on the spherical harmonics basis. According to the degree l and order m of the spherical harmonics , the oscillation modes are classified into three categories: zonal ( ), tesseral...

1. Synthesis of elementsAmong the most fundamental questions, we have never understood the history of our universe in the context of nucleosynthesis; “How were all the chemical elements created and why do they exist as they are ?”. This is a problem of the existence-limit of chemical elements, as well as the abundance of chemical elements in the universe. Because each element (nucleus) consists of two species of nucleons, protons and neutrons, each element has a degree of freedom...

AbstractThis paper is interested to introduce a new number that is called “Megasfinity”. The main objective to propose the uses of Megasfinity is because multi-dimensional coordinate spaces request the uses of an alternative number. This is because we need to analyze different general-spaces, sub-spaces and micro-spaces in the same graphical space simultaneously. Hence, this paper suggests the application of the Megasfinity coordinate space that can permit to visualize a large...

Abstract:This SciTopics is interested to present three basic applications of multi-dimensional coordinate spaces in mathematics: (i) the idea about zero and infinity from a multi-dimensional graphical view; (ii) the multi-dimensional partial differentiation; (iii) the matrix theory from a multi-dimensional graphical view. Additionally, these three applications are supported graphically by the uses of four multi-dimensional coordinate spaces: the mega-surface coordinate space in...

E. Alfinito, J.-F. Millithaler, L. Reggiani Dipartimento di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione Università del Salento- Lecce (Italy) Proteins and in particular protein receptors are very intriguing materials. From one hand, they are very small structures (less than 10 nm diameter ) and exhibit very complex behaviors (they can “pump” ions, use energy from environment, change their shape, catalyze some reactions, etc). From an other hand, they control the life of any organism at a cellular...

All-optical data processing can be done much easier and less complex than electronics. That very day is not so far, when all-optical programmable VLSI chip will be fabricated. Ultra high speed optical switches viz. Terahertz Optical Asymmetric Demultiplexer (TOAD) [1], Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) [2], Ultra-fast nonlinear interferometer (UNI) [3] etc are the key devices for building high capacity and high speed (≈Tb/s) chip. Programmable chip is more attractive than different...

CRITICAL TESTS OF THE SÂO PAULO POTENTIAL D.PEREIRASão Paulo University -Sao Paulo, Brazil The Sao Paulo Potential is parameter free folding–type potential (∫ρ1(r1)ν1,2 ρ2(r2) dr1dr2) with the absolute normalization given by ( exp(-4(v/c)2)) , based on the quantum nature of the interaction due to the exchange of nucleons between target and projectile, where v is the relative velocity between the partners of the collision. The densities ρ1(r1), ρ2(r2) are derived from a systematic...

We study the lattice spin models, where the spin is an n-component vector with n>1. These are the so-called n-vector or O(n) models, as they have the O(n) global rotational symmetry at zero external field h. It is well known that such models exhibit the second-order phase transition of the order - disorder type at spatial dimensionality d>2. In the thermodynamic limit, the correlation length in these models is divergent at vanishing external field not only at the critical point,...

Disclosure:The author's knowlede in the subject of radioactivity is limited to that of high school level. This was a completely non-conventional and radical thought of student of chemistry with a potential to raise contraversy. The author is currently working as a Consultant Diabetologist (a completely unrelated speciality). The readers are requested to read this article consdering it being written by a school student.The Law of Radioactive Decay:Radioactivity is a spontaneous...

Topological ideas in the realm of gravity date back to Riemann, Clifford and Weyl and found a more concrete realization in the wormholes of Wheeler characterized by the Euler-Poincare invariant. They result from attaching handles to black holes.Observationally, Einstein's general relativity (GR) is rather well established for the solar system and double pulsars. However, in GR the metric plays a double role: Measuring distances in spacetime and serving as a gravitational potential...

Due to interference, the spacetime around a highly dense star may posseses regions where probabilityof locating a particle is higher than in others. In these regions the particle energy emission is locally maximum. Thus during accretion (particle in-fall) radiation emission must oscillate between local maxima and minima. Such effects may be particularly enhanced near strong energy sources. These regions may also possibly form and effect particle accretion near gravitational sources....

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The refractive index n and the thickness d are the most important parameters that determine the optical properties of a transparent layer. There are a number of optical methods for the measurement of n and d.Recently, new optical methods have been proposed.[1-3] The methods are based on the change(s) of the interference patterns due to the sample rotation. In comparison to many known techniques, the methods are simple and easily implemented.Considering the thickness, both thin...

Small Angle X-Ray Scattering (SAXS) is a technique that we have used to measure the size and number density of nanoparticles in extreme environments such as flames and plasmas. It is an in-situ method and when performed using x-rays derived from a third generation synchrotron such as the ESRF, one can make real time measurements with a time resolution of a few tenths of a second (limited by the readout time of the detector). The technique does not require knowledge of the index...

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The development of new materials with high ("colossal") dielectric constants ε' is prerequisite for the further miniaturization of electronic devices. The search for such materials and especially the clarification of the microscopic mechanisms that can lead to an enhancement of this material parameter are important goals. The dielectric constant is a measure of the electrical polarizability of a material and a crucial quantity in the construction of capacitive elements in electronics....

1 - Scientific Background The development and production of scintillating crystals, used as sensors in high-energy physics and in the medical diagnostic equipments, demand advance in analysis techniques of both the surface and the bulk to test the overall quality. A suitable measurement method for quality inspection of crystals is therefore necessary to identify defective and stressed crystals, preventing them from breaking either during the assembly in the calorimeter array or...

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= Neutrino Oscillation = The neutrino oscillation is a phenomenon that neutrinos spontaneously change its flavor while travelling. For two-flavor case, the probability that the neutrinos are in flavor β state after travelling L (km) from the origin, where the neutrinos were generated in pure flavor α state with energy E(MeV), is shown in the equation; P(nα -> nβ) = sin22θsin21.27(Δm2L/E) (β is different from α) , where, Δm2 is the difference of the squared neutrino masses (=m22-m12)...

AbstractFew-layer graphene films are grown using a Molecular Beam Epitaxy aproach in ultra-high vacuum by evaporation of atomic carbon onto thin nickel latyers and subsequent annealing at 800–900 °C. We grow graded thickness layers on strip-shaped oxidized silicon substrates which are covered with 300 nm thick nickel films deposited ex-situ by e-beam evaporation. The thickness of the deposited carbon layers changes continuously from ∼70 Å to less than 4 Å. The appearance of the...

Department of PhysicsUniversity of Rajasthan, Jaipur 302004, IndiaE-Mail: singhal46@yahoo.co.in Dilute magnetic semiconductors (DMSs) have attracted enormous research interest in recent years because of the possibility of assembling charge and spin degrees of freedom in a single substance that makes them promising candidates for technological applications in the second generation of spin electronics, which utilizes electronic charge as well as their spins [1].Based on local spin...

Investigation of natures of microscopic particles in nonlinear quantum mechanics PANG Xiao-fengInstitute of Life Science and Technology, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China Keywords: nonlinear quiantum mechanics, microscopic particles, wave-corpuscle dualitylacalization, p-rinciple and theoryIn quantum mechanics the Schrödinger equation is, in essence, a wave equation, wherein the microscopic particles depicted have only a wave feature,...

AbstractThis research will present a short introduction about empty-spaces that exist into the mega-space by offer a basic mathematical and graphical modeling. The first part of this paper reviews the literature review about dimension and coordinate systems (Cartesian plane and coordinate space). The second part of this paper will present an introduction to the theory of empty-spaces. Contents1. A short review about dimension and coordinate systems2. The theory of empty-spaces3....

Stochastic resonance and coherence are phenomena observed in dynamical systems subject to noisy fluctuations. Stochastic resonance refers to a situation when together with noise, some periodic stimulus is applied to the system. Then, at some optimum noise amplitude the system resonates with the frequency of the external stimulation. In the case of the stochastic coherence, the system response become most coherent (periodic) even in the absence of an additional external stimulation....

Recurrence network analysis is a combination of recurrence analysis of time series and complex network statistics (Marwan et al. 2009). The basic idea is to identify the recurrence matrix of a time series or, in general, of a dynamical system with the adjacency matrix of a complex network (but with additional removing the identity in order to avoid self-loopes):A(i,j) = R(i,j) – δ(i,j).This allows to calculate statistical measures coming of complex network theory in order to describe...

In the contemporary global scenario, the working of the complex and multidimensional factors on the time behaviour of financial series necessitates an investigation of the underlying characteristic features of the same. In addition to the state of the art econometric approaches, analysis in terms of state space dynamics considering the financial time series as deterministic chaos has emerged to be of utmost importance. Understanding the dynamics of a financial series, as a stock...

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) spectra can be recorded in: single crystals, polycrystalline powders, in frozen solutions, or in fluid solutions and the contributions range from physics to chemistry, biology, mineralogy, geology etc. The conventional EPR spectroscopy has traditionally been used in order to obtain structural information on transition metal compounds and ions, free radicals, or other paramagnetic centers with exciting frequencies in the range 9–35 GHz. The...

Abstract. This paper proposes a new view about the Universe. The idea about Universe will be replaced by the uses of the Megasverses. However, the Megasverses is a mega-space formed by infinity universes (sub-spaces) that work together in perfect harmony. To have a better understanding about the Megasverses, this paper suggests the application of mega time-space continuum coordinate system framework to explain how different universes are located and interrelated into different...

The Multigraphicology can be considered a new research field that is focused on the study of multi-dimensional aspects of space and time. The Multigraphicology is based on the application of multidimensional coordinate systems (Ruiz Estrada, 2009) that can permit a better understanding of our multidimensional world.The uses of multidimensional coordinate systems can permit to plotting and draw different multidimensional graphs by manual or electronic way. It is possible under...

Monte Carlo Event Generators (MCEG) represent an essential tool in particle physics in order to elucidate the underlying physics behind the experimental data obtained from high energy colliders. The results of these complex multi-parameter experiments are often very sensitive to the experimental conditions, such as uncertainties or the limitations in the phase space. MCEG allow theorists to fully account for these experimental boundary conditions in the calculations so that the...

Astronomical observations evidence that all celestial bodies are magnetized. Planets, stars, stars clusters, galaxies of all type, and the intercluster galaxy medium show, whenever can be measured, endow magnetic fields (MF). In general magnetic fields have a coherence length as large as the specific gravitational object. Not so many years ago, the most accepted mechanism for the origin of these fields was the dynamo amplification of these fields in galaxy formation. This would...

IntroductionAll microbes, from bacteria to protozoa, make decisions throughout their lifespan. They sense, interpret, and react to changing internal homeostatic states and local ambient environments, often staying with the same strategy or switching between alternative strategies of differential fitness to determine, for example, vegetative and reproductive cycles, phenotype, motility, and social-like cell-cell interactions. Successful strategies can increase a cell’s viability...

Introduction:There is no doubt that most of the astrophysicists of the present era believe that Einstein's General Relativity allows the existence and formation of black holes (BH) having finite gravitational masses. And there are several basic reasons behind this widespread belief. First of all, the maiden exact solution of GR which attempted to find the spacetime structure for a neutral massenpunkt or a ``point mass'' apparently suggested that GR indeed predicts theoretical...

The resource about Fractional diffusion equation and other topics Introduction：Our interests: Underlying physics and mechanicsWhat we do: Anomalous diffusion modeling and Numerical simulationWhat we want to do: Fractional derivative equation model and statistics...

From 1962, the first year that X-ray diffraction by a crystal was observed, the theories of solid-state physics have been developed comprehensively, and the electronics industry has expanded very quickly through the concepts of this discipline. The theories have been applied to the system of electromagnetic (EM) waves in periodic dielectric structures. Due to the discovery in 1987 that the periodicity in dielectric materials could prevent the propagation of EM waves within certain...

AbstractThis paper describes the usefulness of the regular associated solution model for the determination of the properties of binary liquid alloys. We have explained the use of this model for the properties of CuSn, AgAl, FeSi, HgNa, MgTl, AgSb alloys in liquid state. Most of the binary alloys are grown from their corresponding liquid phase. In order to improve the quality of growth and to understand the energetic of the formation of alloys, it is important to have as good an...

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AbstractThis research will present a new group of multi-dimensional coordinate spaces. The main objective is to visualize n-dimensions in the same graphical space and time. This paper is divided into three parts. The first part reviews the literature about dimension and coordinate systems (Cartesian plane and coordinate space). The second part will present an introduction to the multi-dimensional coordinate spaces. The third part of this paper shows thirteen multidimensional coordinate...

AbstractThis paper is interested to show HOW to plot into the multidimensional Cartesian coordinate system. It is based on a general explanation about the multidimensional Cartesian coordinate system theoretical framework and some few examples. The idea is to learn and understand better how multidimensional graphs works in the process to optimize the visualization of a large database behavior into the same graphical space.1. IntroductionInitially, we like to explain how the multidimensional...

The Universal Plausibility Metric [1] is an objective quantification of the plausibility of extremely low-probability chance hypotheses, models, theories and scenarios. The fact that a possibility has an extremely low probability of occurrence does not necessarily establish its implausibility. Mere possibility, on the other hand, is not an adequate basis for asserting scientific plausibility. Thus a method of objectively measuring the plausibility of any chance hypothesis is needed....

During the last 10 years the interest of physicists in non-local field theories has been steadily increasing. The main reason for this development is the expectation, that the use of these field theories will lead to a much more elegant and effective way of treating problems in particle and high-energy physics, as it is possible up to now with local field theories.A particular subgroup of non-local field theories is described with operators of fractional nature and is specified...

AbstractThis paper is interested to show HOW to plot into the multidimensional Cartesian coordinate system. It is based on a general explanation about the multidimensional Cartesian coordinate system theoretical framework and some few examples. The idea is to learn and understand better how multidimensional graphs works in the process to optimize the visualization of a large database behavior into the same graphical space. 1. IntroductionInitially, we like to explain how the multidimensional...

Astrophysicists distinguish between three different types of compact stars. These are white dwarfs, neutron stars (see schematic illustration below), and black holes. The former contain matter in one of the densest forms found in the Universe which, together with the unprecedented progress in observational astronomy, make such stars superb astrophysical laboratories for a broad range of most striking physical phenomena. These range from nuclear processes on the stellar surface...

AbstractThis paper is interested to propose an alternative sub-partial differentiation modeling that can be applied into the pyramidal coordinate system. It is to observe the infinitesimal changes happen between a large serial of different sub-functions that are running by different graphical spaces or dimensions into different graphical spaces or dimensions.1. IntroductionThis paper is divided into two large sections follow by: the introduction to the pyramidal coordinate system...

AbstractThis paper is interested to study unknown dimensions under the use of sub-partial differentiation. It is to observe the infinitesimal changes happen between a large serial of different sub-functions are running into different graphical spaces or dimensions. Hence, the sub-partial differentiation requests the application of the “Diamond Coordinate System” to support the analysis and visualization of a large number of sub-functions into the same graphical space.1. IntroductionThis...

AbstractThis paper proposes the 5-Dimensional partial differentiation theoretical framework for sciences and social sciences. The idea is to show that is possible to apply a large number of partial derivatives from five dimensions. It is to observe infinitesimal changes between a dependent axis and four independent axes simultaneously. Hence, the 5-Dimensional partial differentiation requests the application of the 5-dimensional coordinate system to facilitate the visualization...

1. ABSTRACTThis paper is interested to show graphically that the 2-Dimensional co-ordinate system (X,Y) is a sub-co-ordinate system into any multi-dimensional co-ordinate system. It is possible to be observed by the uses of higher multi-dimensional graphical modeling under the uses of the mega-space co-ordinate system.2. INTRODUCTIONUsually, the idea about dimension(s) from a graphical point of view, it is represented by the uses of the co-ordinate system framework. The co-ordinate...

Abstract.This Scitopics page proposes to review and expand the Minkowski four-dimensional space-time (“World”). The idea is to propose an alternative geometrical framework to be applied on the study of unknown dimensions into the same graphical space from a multi-dimensional perspective. Additionally, the same paper is interested to demonstrate that exist unknown dimensions that is possible to be discovered by the uses of multi-dimensional coordinate systems.1. A Short Review...

Sum Frequency Generation (SFG) is a nonlinear optical technique used to study the details of molecular structure and dynamics at surfaces and interfaces. The extremely high surface selectivity of the SFG process allows researchers to focus on the thin layer of a few atoms or molecules near the interface, not the bulk media on either side.The physical principle behind this surface selectivity is that the even-order nonlinear processes such as SFG are forbidden (in the electric...

Abstract This paper is interested to explain how to plot the JI-spaces into the infinity co-ordinate system. Basically, the JI-spaces can be considered such as a sub-coordinate system into the large infinity co-ordinate system. Now, we are available to analyze any natural and social phenomenon by parts or as a whole.1. IntroductionThe application of different type of graphs to understand the behavior of any natural or social phenomenon plays an important role until today among...

Abstract This paper is interested to make a short review about the general theory of relativity by Professor Albert Einstein from a geometrical perspective. The same paper also proposes an alternative co-ordinate system to study time and space from a multi-dimensional perspective, it is entitled “The Mega Space-Time Continuum”.1. IntroductionThe study of the time-space continuum by the general theory of relativity from a geometrical perspective by Professor Albert Einstein, it...

AbstractThis SciTopics page is interested to find if the market behavior keeps an equilibrium state or real time imbalance state, then we can understand more deep the complexity and dynamicity of the market behavior from two different approaches. Our paper also tries to compare the difference between Ceteris Paribus assumption and Omnia Mobilis assumption in the study of the equilibrium. Finally, we like to present a multidimensional graphical modeling approach to show that the...

AbstractThe main purpose of this scitopic page is to suggest the application of Multi-dimensional graphs in the study of economic phenomena. Additionally, this paper is interested to show the pro and cons between the 2-Dimensional graphs and Multi-dimensional graphs in the study of any economic phenomenon. 1. The 2-Dimnesional Graphs vs. Multi-dimensional GraphsThis scitopic page is concerned about WHY is necessary the application of Multi-dimensional graphs in the study of economic...

AbstractThe economic molecule structure is an alternative multidimensional graphical and analytical tool to study the GDP behavior of any country. The construction of the economic molecule structure depends in the uses of multidimensional graphs and prototypes. We are considered that each variable into the GDP such as consumption, investment, government expending, exports and imports represent a specific sub-structure (SS) into the main structural (S) of the economic molecule...

AbstractThe purpose of “The Inter-Linkage Coordinate System” is to study the behavior of a large amount of variables and the interconnection that exist among them in different levels into the same graphical space from a multi-dimensional perspective. The idea is to observe into the same graphical space the behavior of all variables that involve in the study of any natural or social multi-dimensional dynamic phenomenon. Hence, our final target is to observe HOW a natural or social...

AbstractThe purpose of this Scitopics is to suggest the uses of an alternative Multi-dimensional (MD) coordinate system. It is called “The Cubic Warp Coordinate System”. The main objective to build the cubic warp coordinate system is to study any natural or social multi-dimensional dynamic phenomenon under the uses of a large number of exogenous variables and endogenous variables that interacting together into the same graphical space. Hence, our final target is to observe HOW...

AbstractThe purpose of this SciTopics is to suggest the uses of an alternative Multi-dimensional (MD) coordinate system. It is called “The Mega-Surface Coordinate System”. The main objective to build the Mega-Surface coordinate system is to visualize a large number of exogenous variable(s) display in different axes into the same coordinate system. The same SciTopics also proposes that the endogenous variable cannot be considered such as a single variable. Hence, the endogenous...

AbstractThis scitopics page propose an alternative multidimensional coordinate system, it is called “the 5-Dimensional Coordinate System”. The 5-D coordinate system is available to visualize five dimensions into the same graphical space. The same coordinate system also proposes two different approaches of 5-D coordinate system follow by: The 5-Dimensional coordinate system vertical side and the 5-Dimensional coordinate system horizontal side. 1. IntroductionThe 5-Dimensional coordinate...

AbstractThis paper tries to promote the application of Omnia Mobilis assumption -everything is moving- into the economic modeling. The main objective of the Omnia Mobilis assumption is to help in the relaxation process of a large number of variables that the Ceteris Paribus assumption leave constant in the moment to explain the dynamic and complex relationship among a large number of variables in the study of a single economic phenomenon. 1. IntroductionFirstly, we like to mention...

AbstractThis paper shows different multi-dimensional coordinate systems that can be applied on science and social sciences. This paper offers a serial of multi-dimensional coordinate systems to visualize and analyze from 4-Dimensions until Infinity dimensions into the same graphical space. At the inception of multi-dimensional coordinate systems, the following new types of multi-dimensional coordinate systems are presented: Pyramid coordinate system, Diamond coordinate system,...

AbstractThis paper proposes the application of the multidimensional partial differentiation theoretical framework on sciences and social sciences. The idea is to show that is possible to apply a large number of partial derivatives simultaneously into different dimensions (or graphical spaces). It is to observe the infinitesimal changes happen between a large serial of multi-dependent and multi-independent variables from different functions that are displayed into different graphical...

AbstractThis paper shows an alternative graphical modeling to visualize multi-level dynamic and complex phenomenon into the same graphical space. The main idea is to observe how a single variable that is located into the vertical general axis. This one can against a possible unexpected change(s) originated from the changes of some or all multi-dimensional physical spaces around it. In fact, we assume that all multi-dimensional physical spaces run in different speeds of time or...

This short note is willing to show that we leave into the Megasverses. It is means that into the Megasverses exists infinity exponential infinity (∞∞) universes or megasfinity universes (See Ruiz Estrada, 2009a.) that interacting, interconnected and working in perfect harmony under different speed of time and levels of space. We can consider that the Megasverses is a large number of multidimensional spaces that keeps in a constant evolution and transformation all the time. Therefore,...

1. AbstractThis paper proposes a new analytical theoretical framework to study any economic or natural phenomenon behavior under the application of multi-dimensional real time modeling. It is based on the construction of a large number of multi-dimensional surfaces and finally the construction of a mega-surface, the main idea is to observe the behavior of infinity number of variables that exist in each multi-dimensional surface until we can build our mega-surface. In fact, we...

AbstractThis paper is interested to propose an alternative approach entitled the input-output multi-dimensional analysis. This approach is based on the interaction among four production sectors (agriculture, light industry, heavy industry and services) by “i” number of sub-sectors under the uses of “j” number of commodities. The idea is to generate an alternative mathematical and graphical modeling approach to analyze the behavior of four production sectors and “i” number of sub-sectors...

AbstractThis paper proposes two types of multi-dimensional coordinate systems to plot matrices, these two multi-dimensional coordinate systems are the surface mapping coordinate system and the four dimensional physical space. The idea is to represent graphically a large system of simultaneous equations into the same graphical space and time. 1. Introduction To plot matrices we suggest the application of two types of coordinate systems follow by: The surface mapping coordinate...

AbstractThis paper is interested to show the limitations that the 2-Dimensional and 3-Dimensional graphs are showing when we try to visualize the behavior of large number of variables, equations and functions in the same graphical space. Therefore, we suggest the application of multi-dimensional graphs under the application of Econographicology. The Econographicology is available to offer a large number of multi-dimensional graphs to economists, academics and policy makers to...

The Idea about Zero and Infinity in the Multi-Dimensional Graphical Modeling Abstract:This paper is interested to demonstrate graphically and mathematically that in the case of multi-dimensional graphical modeling the idea about zero and infinity, it is totally different from the traditional one-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional graphical modeling.1. IntroductionIn economic or any sciences the number zero “0” is considered the division between positive integers...

This SciTopic discussed the use of finite elements (FEs) in quantum mechanics, with specific focus on the quantum-mechanical problem that arises in crystalline solids. We will consider the electronic structure theory based on the Kohn-Sham equations of density functional theory (KS-DFT): in real-space, Schrödinger and Poisson equations are solved in a parallelepiped unit cell with Bloch-periodic and periodic boundary conditions, respectively. The planewave pseudopotential approach...

The Mega-Surface Coordinate SystemInitially, the Mega-Surface Coordinate System avoids the use of a single dependent variable into its graphical modeling. This model suggests the replacement of a single dependent variable by the uses of a single mega-surface. This mega-surface is formed by infinity axes and each axis is located in vertical position, the same axis show positive values on the top of the axis and negative values on the bottom of the axis (See Expression 2). Also...

Subject: Nowadays periodic structure problems arise quite often in many modern application areas like semiconductor nanostructures (e.g. quantum dots and nanocrystals), semiconductor superlattices, photonic crystals structures, meta materials or Bragg gratings of surface plasmon polariton waveguides.These periodic structure problems are often they are modeled by partial differential equations (PDEs) with periodic coefficients and/or periodic geometries. In order to numerically...

When computing numerically the solution of a linear or nonlinear partial differential equation in an unbounded domain, a fictitious boundary are usually introduced to limit the computational domain. Special boundary conditions are derived at this boundary to approximate the exact whole-space solution. If the solution of the problem on the bounded domain is equal to the whole-space solution (restricted to the computational domain) these boundary conditions are called exact or transparent...